Based on the interrelation of the epistemological and ontological approaches, the article examines the place and socio-political role of the Victory of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, a reasoned analysis of the priority components of the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany is given. A detailed description is given in the form of: the material and production base of our Motherland; the implementation of military-strategic operations to defeat the troops of Nazi Germany; the interpretation of justice and humanism of Soviet ideology; substantiation of the spiritual power of national culture at the front and in the rear.

The article examines the significance and role of the Children's Railway during Great Patriotic War, as well as its contribution to bringing about Victory. It characterizes the essence of the Children's Railway. An analysis is conducted on its activities and examples of adaptation to the conditions of GRW. The article considers those children's railways that continued educating children during the war, along with experiences in re-profiling their activities and reasons for closures. Based on the obtained data, a conclusion is drawn about the importance of the Children's Railway’s contribution to the Victory in GRW.

This article examines the role of informal practices as an element of social constructivism. Understanding of social reality can take place from several theoretical and methodological positions: the inductive and deductive approach. The understanding of the inductive approach is based on the concept of social constructivism. This concept highlights the organizational potential of individuals' informal practices. The most accurate description of the specifics of informal practices of people is carried out within the framework of microsociology. In particular, the ethnomethodology of G. Garfinkel allows us to reveal the essence of people's daily actions as a necessary practice-specific element of the organization of order in society. 

This article presents a comparative analysis of political communication in centralized and decentralized social networks, using X (formerly Twitter) and BlueSky as case studies. It examines key differences in platform architecture and their impact on content moderation, freedom of speech, user engagement, and political polarization. The author explores how decentralization enhances user autonomy and reduces censorship risks while also increasing discourse fragmentation. The study includes a content analysis of 600 political posts from both platforms, revealing differences in discussion patterns and interaction structures. The findings indicate that X maintains a high level of mass engagement, whereas BlueSky fosters more theoretically diverse but less widely disseminated political content. The paper discusses the future prospects of decentralized social networks and their role in shaping a new digital public sphere.

The article presents the results and conclusions of the author's empirical sociological study of the specifics of the evolution of youth organizations in Russia using the Tambov region as an example. The author emphasizes the role of the youth movement in the social and economic development of the region, since young people, as a key socio-demographic group in any society, actively participate in social transformations of society, offering innovative ideas and forms of participation. The author's study revealed the popularity of youth organizations in the Tambov region, the majority of respondents (84.8%) are members of youth associations, which indicates their demand and high awareness of the Tambov region residents about the activities of youth associations. 96.4% of respondents emphasize the positive impact of youth organizations on the development of the region and support their financing by the regional authorities (67.7%), since the youth movement is the most important resource for the development of the Tambov region and investments in youth organizations are the key to the future prosperity of the region.

In the article, the author draws attention to a number of problems that had a very negative impact on the formation of the Abkhazian statehood.: These are mahadjirism and the forcible resettlement of Abkhazians to Turkey associated with it; the Georgian-Abkhazian war of 1992-1993 and its consequences; difficulties of an internal political nature in the development of Abkhazia, etc. Attention is focused and the role of apsuar, a national spiritual culture that integrates the entire nation, is highlighted. Various approaches to the phenomenon of apsoir by world scientists are shown, and the categories of apsoir are distinguished. The author focuses on the characteristics of the political culture of Abkhazia. He highlights the most typical manifestations of apsuar and their possible use in modern conditions, during the political life of the newly elected government headed by the President of the Republic of Abkhazia B.Z. Gunba.

The article discusses the various approaches of Russian and foreign authors to the definition of artificial intelligence (hereinafter - AI). The author analyzed various scientific interpretations of the definition of "artificial intelligence", the results are presented in a generalized form in the table "Comparative characteristics of the features of artificial and human intelligence." The article focuses on the interpretation of the concept of AI enshrined in the "Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030".

 The key vectors of AI development are identified. The author makes a brief analysis of the main historical stages of the AI development, each of which is characterized by unique achievements. A brief overview of the areas of AI application based on the creation of new technologies and algorithms is given. The rating of the largest companies in the field of AI is given. In this article, the author states a great potential for the further development of AI, identifies the key areas of its development based on the review of various scientific hypotheses. The article presents an approach that allows, along with the assessment of AI capabilities, to focus on the key challenges and threats of AI systems development for modern civilization.