The article reveals the socio-philosophical and political content and specifics of the military-strategic operation of the Battle of Moscow during the Great Patriotic War. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the essence and features of such sources of victory in the battle for the capital as military-political, spiritual, socio-economic. The article provides a detailed description of these dominant sources of the defeat of the Nazi troops both during the defense of Moscow and during the successful counteroffensive of the Red Army.

The Eurasian continent is one of the debatable topics in modern world politics. A particularly significant topic in the context of the existence of Eurasia not only as a continent, but also as a political spatial unit is the integration of countries, which at this stage has the status of the ‘desired state’ of the Eurasian continent. One of the ways of integration in international relations, directly related to spatial and territorial resources, is transport cooperation. The analysis of the current state of international transport relations in Eurasia has shown the balance of centrifugal and centripetal forces in the potential mega-region, in which the continental fragmentation of space is preserved.

The article presents the results of a political and sociological analysis of numerous foreign information sources covering the current processes of the US and EU penetration into the markets of strategic raw materials in Central Asia. Such an expansion of the West into the markets of the former Soviet republics is caused by the need to find a source of rare earth metals used in the defense, electronic, aerospace, laser and a number of other areas of modern production. Sustainable supplies of critically important raw materials are perceived by the West as a necessary condition not only for the development of high-tech industries, but also, above all, for ensuring national security.

The article is devoted to the analysis of federal relations in modern states. The experience of the USA and Germany is used as the objects of scientific research.

The author of the article pays close attention to the role and importance of the judiciary in the political history of the United States, as well as the transformation of the Supreme Court of the United States as a key subject of Center-regions relations in this state. The most significant court decisions that influenced the nature of federalism in the United States are considered. The second part of the article examines the experience of the development of the federal system in Germany, from 1949 to the present day. The analysis focuses on identifying the features and characteristics of twentieth-century German federalism. The article also demonstrates the activities of various commissions and groups aimed at modernizing and reforming the federal structure in Germany.

The final part of the article presents a separate case in the form of Bavaria and the specifics of the relationship of this Land with the Federal Center

Interethnic and interethnic relations, being one of the most important aspects of public life, require constant attention, especially since many processes taking place in the domestic political life of the country are closely related to national politics. Currently, sociological research in the field of interethnic and interethnic relations is becoming particularly relevant, since one of the factors consolidating Russian society is their harmonization.

In modern conditions, the state national policy of the Russian Federation acts as one of the defining tools for the formation of the civic consciousness of the multinational Russian people, their spiritual community, the preservation and development of culture, thereby strengthening the social unity of the multinational people of the Russian state.

Today, our country finds itself in an extremely contradictory position of Russia in the global political arena in the fluctuating conditions of instability of geo-economic processes, which has a tremendous impact on the formation of attitudes towards foreign policy threats to modern youth. The article analyzes empirical data obtained during a study of the public opinion of the Penza region youth aged 14 to 35 using the example of a focus group study in 2024 and an interview in 2025. The purpose of the study is to study the socio-cultural features of the political potential of modern youth through studying public opinion about the course of a special military operation. The materials obtained during the focus group within the framework of a scientific project studying the protest potential of the region's youth are presented. As a result of the study, it was determined that young people support the actions of the authorities relative to the beginning and progress of their military operations, and also have fairly positive forecasts regarding the outcome and completion of the operation for Russia.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state of youth policy in Russia, the aim of the study is to identify problem areas of the implemented activity. The key problems are identified: lack of target setting and adequate measures for the development of this socio-demographic group; uncertainty of effectiveness criteria; selective nature, as a result of which an insignificant part of youth is involved in the implemented activities. The problem is poor awareness of young people about available opportunities and programmes implemented by youth policy bodies. The prevalence of one-off events over systemic activities has been revealed. Attention is emphasised on the need to solve the existing problems and the need to develop a deep and purposeful strategy of actions with clear indicators of implementation and designation of criteria for their achievement, which can lead to an increase in the quality of youth policy in Russia; recommendations for its improvement are also proposed.

In the context of the rapid digital transformation of modern society, youth is becoming a key social group that perceives new trends and technologies. This article examines the impact of digitalization on the value priorities of young people, identifies new models of socialization, and explores the risks associated with the virtualization of social interactions. Key sociological concepts (Inglehart, Bourdieu, Castells, Hepp) explaining the transformation of values in the digital era are analyzed. The author highlights the growth of individualism, digital activism, declining trust in traditional institutions, and the formation of hybrid identities. Both the positive effects of the digital environment (expanded opportunities for selfrealization, democratization of information) and the negative ones (digital inequality, manipulation of consciousness, fragmentation of values) are considered. The article concludes with the need to develop strategies aimed at fostering a balanced digital culture that takes into account both technological progress and the preservation of fundamental societal values.

The article is a study of the impact of the conflict of civilizations on personal values, considering their evolution and impact on psychological adaptation. In the analysis of the main aspects of value orientations, their influence on the formation of personality and the impact of cultural and social factors are considered. Next, the impact of conflict on value priorities, adaptation strategies and the formation of stereotypes, with the participation of media and social platforms, is studied. In the context of conflict resolution, the importance of dialogue and mutual understanding is emphasized, psychological approaches to overcoming negative emotions and the possibility of developing tolerance are highlighted. In conclusion, the main conclusions and prospects of the study are emphasized, as well as the importance of psychological adaptation in the face of change and the desire to form harmonious socio-cultural relationships.

The article presents a detailed analysis of the emergence of the concept of "social infrastructure", as well as an analysis aimed at studying the role of infrastructure in the life of modern society.

The first part of the article talks about the origin of the concept of "social infrastructure", starting from the late 40s of the twentieth century. The research of foreign scientists, such as Rosenstein–Rodan, as well as the works of domestic specialists, such as S. A. Heyman, are considered.

The following describes the changes embedded in the definition of "social infrastructure" as it develops. Various aspects are considered in detail, which were gradually added to the concept of the term.

After that, the role of social infrastructure is considered using the example of agriculture. A discussion is given about the problems in this area, the solution of which directly depends on the development of infrastructure projects.

At the end of the article, a conclusion is drawn about the relationship between the economic situation and social infrastructure. The importance of the development of this industry is emphasized separately.